Symptoms of depression may vary slightly depending on the type and can range from mild to severe. In general, symptoms include:

  Feeling sad, hopeless, or anxious. (in adolescence, irritability may be present instead of sadness)

  Decreased enjoyment of situations that used to bring joy

  Frequent irritability or frustration for no reason

  Increased or decreased appetite resulting in weight gain or loss

  Difficulty sleeping (insomnia) or sleeping too much (hypersomnia)

  Low energy or fatigue

  Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

  Physical problems such as headaches, stomach pain, or sexual dysfunction

  Thoughts of self-harm or suicide

Causes 

The exact cause of depression is not known. Several factors are thought to contribute to its development, including:

  Brain chemistry: An imbalance of neurotransmitters, including serotonin and dopamine, contributes to the development of depression.

  Genetics: If there is a first-degree relative with depression, the probability of developing depression is three times higher than the general population. However, depression can occur without a family history.

  Stressful life events: Difficult experiences, such as the death of a loved one, trauma, divorce, isolation, and lack of support, can trigger depression.

  Medical conditions: Chronic pain and chronic conditions such as diabetes can lead to depression.

  Medications: Some medications can cause depression as a side effect.

  Substance use, including alcohol, can also cause depression or make it worse.

How is depression diagnosed;

A diagnosis of depression is made based on a detailed understanding of symptoms, medical history, and mental health history.

Five symptoms of depression must be present every day, almost all day, for at least two weeks.

Blood tests are often needed to determine if an underlying medical condition is causing depressive symptoms.

Management and Treatment

Depression is one of the most treatable mental health conditions. About 80% to 90% of people with depression who seek treatment eventually respond well to treatment.

Treatment options include:

  Psychotherapy: Involves talking with a mental health professional. The therapist helps identify and change unhealthy feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Some people continue treatment for several months or even years.